Matenda Ofalitsidwa Ndi Tizilombo Akuvutitsa Kwambiri

BANJA LINA la ku Latin America likupita kokagona usiku. Mayi wa m’banjalo akugoneka mwana wake mosamala kwambiri, n’kumufunditsa bwinobwino kenaka n’kumuuza kuti aonana maŵa. Koma mumdima umenewu nsikidzi yakuda, yonyezimira, yaitali mosakwana masentimita atatu, ikutuluka mumng’alu umene inabisalamo chakudenga n’kupita pamene pagona mwanayo. Mwanayo atagona, nsikidziyo ikufika pankhope pake iyeyo asakudziŵa, n’kumuluma pakhungu pake pofeŵapo. Nsikidziyi ikumati ikapapira magazi a mwanayu kwinakunso ikumamusanzira nyansi zodzaza ndi matenda. Mwanayo sakudzuka koma akungokanda nkhopeyo n’kusisitira nyansizo pamene walumidwapo.

Chifukwa cha kulumidwaku mwanayo watenga matenda ena ofanana ndi kaodzera. Patatha mlungu umodzi kapena iŵiri, mwanayo akuyamba kutentha thupi ndiponso kutupikana. Ngati safa ndi zimenezi, majeremusi a matendaŵa angathe kukhazikika m’thupi mwakemo n’kumalimbana ndi mtima, mitsempha ndiponso ziwalo zake zina. Mwanayo angathe kukhala zaka 10 kapena mpaka 20 osadziŵika kuti ali ndi matenda. Koma kenaka angathe kutuluka tizilonda m’mimba, kukhala ndi matenda okhudza ubongo ndipo mapeto ake angathe kudzafa chifukwa chakuti mtima ukulephera kupopa bwino magazi.

Nkhani yongoyerekezera imeneyi ikusonyeza zimene zimachitikadi kuti munthu adwale matenda ofanana ndi kaodzeraŵa. Ku Latin America, n’zotheka kuti kuli anthu ambiri amene angathe kulumidwa ndi nsikidzi za mtunduwu.

Anzathu a Miyendo Yambirimbiri

Buku la Encyclopædia Britannica linati, “Matenda ambiri ochititsa munthu kutentha thupi amayambitsidwa ndi majeremusi amene amafalitsidwa ndi tizilombo.” Tizilombo timene tikunena pano ndi tizilombo tamiyendo isanu ndi umodzi monga ntchentche, nthata, udzudzu, nsabwe, ndi akafadala komanso tizilombo tamiyendo isanu ndi itatu monga utitili ndi nkhupakupa. Tizilombo tonseti asayansi amatiika m’gulu limodzi lomwe ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri pa magulu onse a zinthu zamoyo ndipo lili ndi mitundu ya zinthu zamoyo zokwana 1 miliyoni.

Tizilombo tambiri sitivulaza anthu, ndipo tina n’tothandiza kwambiri. Popanda tizilombo timeneti zomera ndiponso mitengo yambiri imene zinyama ndiponso anthufe timadalira kuti tipeze chakudya siingathe kubereka. Tizilombo tina timathandiza kuti zinyalala ziwolerane. Tizilombo tambiri timangodya zomera basi, koma tina timadya tizilombo tinzake.

N’zoona kuti pali tizilombo tina timene timavutitsa anthu ndi zinyama chifukwa chakuti n’taululu tikakuluma kapena chifukwa chakuti timayenda m’chigulu chosoŵetsa mtendere. Tinanso timawononga mbewu. Koma tizilombo toipa kwambiri n’timene timafalitsa matenda ndiponso kuphetsa zamoyo. Pankhani  ya matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo, Duane Gubler wa m’bungwe la U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anati “m’zaka za m’ma 1600 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900 panali anthu ambiri odwala matenda otere kuposa anthu onse odwala matenda ena.”

Pakali pano pafupifupi munthu m’modzi pa anthu asanu ndi m’modzi alionse amadwala matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo. Matenda otere amavutitsa anthu komanso amawonongetsa mayiko ndalama, makamaka mayiko osauka amene alibe ndalama zokwanira kulimbana ndi matendaŵa. Matendaŵa angathe kuwonongetsa ndalama zambiri ngakhale atangobuka kamodzi chabe. Zoterezi zinachitikapo m’dera la chakumadzulo kwa dziko la India mu 1994 ndipo akuti panawonongeka ndalama zosaneneka za m’dzikomo komanso zochokera kumayiko ena. Malingana ndi bungwe la zaumoyo padziko lonse la World Health Organization (WHO), mayiko osauka kwambiri padziko pano sangatukuke pokhapokha mavuto ameneŵa adzathetsedwe.

Mmene Tizilombo Timadwalitsira Anthufe

Tizilombo timafalitsa matenda m’njira ziŵiri zikuluzikulu. Njira yoyamba njakuti tizilomboto timanyamula majeremusi pamatupi awo. Monga mmene anthu amaloŵetsera dothi m’nyumba ndi nsapato zakuda, nazonso “ntchentche zimatenga majeremusi osaŵerengeka m’miyendo yawo amene amatha kum’dwalitsa munthu akachuluka,” limatero buku la Encyclopædia Britannica. Ntchentche zimatha kutenga majeremusi m’zinthu monga zonyansa, ndipo zimawafalitsa zikatera pazakudya ndi zakumwa zathu. Umu ndi mmene anthu amatengera matenda oopsa ndiponso akupha monga thaifodi, kamwazi, ngakhalenso kolera amene. Komanso ntchentche zimafalitsa nawo matenda a maso omwe ndiwo amachititsa anthu ambiri kukhala akhungu padziko lonse. Matendaŵa amam’chititsa munthu kukhala wakhungu chifukwa amamuyambitsa timabala m’maso. Padziko lonse pali anthu okwana 500 miliyoni omwe akuvutika chifukwa cha matendaŵa.

Pakuti mphemvu zimakonda malo auve, akuti n’kuthekanso kuti zimafalitsa matenda. Komanso akatswiri akuona kuti chimene chachititsa kuti chaposachedwapa anthu ambiri, makamaka ana, ayambe kudwala chifuwa cha mphumu, ndi matenda obwera ndi mphemvu. Mwachitsanzo, ganizirani za mtsikana wina wa zaka 15 dzina lake Ashley. Kwa masiku ambiri iye wakhala akumabanika usiku chifukwa cha chifuwa cha mphumu. Ndiye pamene dokotala akufuna kumuyeza kuti amve mmene mapapo ake akugwirira ntchito, mphemvu ikutulukira kuchokera m’malaya a Ashley n’kudutsa mothamanga patebulo pamene akumuyezerapo.

Matenda Okhala M’thupi

Tizilombo tikakhala ndi majeremusi m’matupi mwawo, timatha kufalitsa matenda m’njira ina yachiŵiri, poluma kapena pochita zinthu zina. N’tizilombo tochepa chabe timene timafalitsa matenda kwa anthu m’njira imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti pali mitundu yambirimbiri ya udzudzu, ndi mtundu umodzi wokha umene umafalitsa malungo. Malungo ndi matenda achiŵiri oopsa kwambiri otha kufalitsidwa (ndipo chifuwa cha TB ndiwo matenda oyamba).

Komabe mitundu ina ya udzudzu imafalitsa matenda ena osiyanasiyana. Bungwe la WHO linati: “Pa tizilombo tonse tofalitsa matenda, udzudzu ndi umene umavutitsa kwambiri chifukwa umafalitsa malungo, chingwangwa ndi chikasu ndipotu chaka chilichonse anthu ogwidwa ndiponso kufa ndi matenda ofalitsidwa ndi udzudzuŵa amakhala ambiri mosaneneka.” Malungo angathe kugwira anthu osachepera aŵiri pa anthu asanu aliwonse padziko lonse, ndipo matenda a chingwangwa angathe kugwira anthu pafupifupi aŵiri pa anthu asanu aliwonse. M’madera ambiri munthu angathe kugwidwa ndi matenda aŵiri onseŵa.

Inde, si kuti udzudzu n’kachilombo kokhako kamene kamakhala ndi matenda. Ntchentche za kambalame zimafalitsa majeremusi oyambitsa matenda a kaodzera ndipo matendaŵa amavutitsa anthu ambiri ndiponso amachititsa midzi yathunthu kusiya minda yawo yachonde. Palinso ntchentche zina zakuda zimene zachititsa kuti anthu 400,000 a ku Africa kuno akhale osaona pofalitsa majeremusi amene amayambitsa khungu lomwe limagwira kwambiri  anthu a m’mphepete mwa mitsinje. Ndiye palinso tintchentche tina timene timafalitsa majeremusi oyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana amene amapundula ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kupha kumene komanso panopo akuvutitsa anthu ambirimbiri a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Nthata zimatha kupezeka paliponse ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi njoka zam’mimba, matenda otupitsa ubongo, matenda owononga magazi, ngakhalenso mliri wa makoswe kapena kuti chaola umene pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha unapha pafupifupi munthu m’modzi pa anthu atatu alionse a ku Ulaya m’zaka za m’ma 1300.

Nsabwe, utitili, ndi nkhupakupa zingathe kufalitsa matenda osiyanasiyana ofanana ndi thaifodi, kuphatikiza pa matenda ena. Nkhupakupa za m’mayiko osazizira kapena osatentha kwambiri padziko lonse zingathe kukhala ndi matenda enaake omwe angayambitse nyamakazi ndipo ku United States ndi ku Ulaya aŵa ndiwo matenda ofala kwambiri ochita kufalitsidwa ndi tizilombo. Atafufuza ku Sweden anapeza kuti mbalame zosamukasamuka zimatha kutenga nkhupakupa n’kukazisiya kutali kwambiri, moti nkhupakupazo zingathe kumafalitsa matenda m’madera amene matendawo kunalibe. Buku la Britannica, limati, “(kupatulapo udzudzu) nkhupakupa ndizo zimafalitsa matenda ochuluka zedi kwa anthu kuposa tizilombo tina tonse totere.” Nkhupakupa imodzi imatha kukhala ndi majeremusi a mitundu itatu ndipo ingathe kuwafalitsa onseŵa ikangoluma kamodzi kokha!

Kupumako ku Matenda

Kumbuyo konseku mpaka kudzafika m’chaka cha 1877 asayansi anali asanatulukire kuti tizilombo timafalitsa matenda. Kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo anthu akhala akuchita zinthu zoti achepetse kapena kuthetseratu tizilombo totenga matenda. Mu 1939 anapanga mankhwala otchedwa DDT kuti athandize polimbana ndi tizilombo totere ndipo pofika 1960 matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo sanalinso vuto lalikulu m’mayiko onse kupatulapo ku Africa kuno. M’malo molimbana ndi kuthetsa tizilomboti ankalimbana ndi kuchiritsa anthu amene adwala mwadzidzidzi, ndipo anthu ambiri analibenso chidwi chofuna kufufuza bwino za tizilomboti ndi pokhala pawo. Ankatulukiranso mankhwala atsopano, ndipo zinkaoneka kuti asayansi apeza mankhwala ochita zodabwitsa omwe angathe kuchiritsa matenda ena aliwonse. Dziko linapumako ku matenda opatsirana m’njira imeneyi. Koma silinapume kwanthaŵi yaitali. Nkhani yotsatirayi ilongosola chifukwa chake.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 19]

Masiku ano munthu mmodzi pa anthu asanu ndi mmodzi alionse amadwala matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo

[Chithunzi patsamba 19]

Nsikidzi yakuda

[Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Ntchentche zimatenga majeremusi oyambitsa matenda m’miyendo yawo, monganso mphemvu

[Zithunzi patsamba 21]

Tizilombo tambiri m’matupi mwawo mumakhala majeremusi oyambitsa matenda

Ntchentche zakuda zimakhala ndi majeremusi a matenda oyambitsa khungu

Udzudzu umakhala ndi majeremusi a malungo, chingwangwa, ndiponso chikasu

Nsabwe zimatha kum’patsa munthu matenda ofanana ndi thaifodi

Nthata zimakhala ndi majeremusi a matenda otupitsa ubongo ndiponso matenda ena

Ntchentche za kambalame zimafalitsa matenda a kaodzera

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

WHO/TDR/LSTM

CDC/James D. Gathany

CDC/Dr. Dennis D. Juranek

CDC/Janice Carr

WHO/TDR/Fisher

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, www.insectimages.org