Mont Blanc Phiri Lalitali Kwambiri ku Ulaya

KUYAMBIRA ali mwana, katswiri wina wa zinthu zachilengedwe wa ku Switzerland, dzina lake Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740-1799), ankachita chidwi ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri lomwe panopa limadziwika kuti Mont Blanc. Iye ankaona kuti phiri limeneli ndi lovuta kukwera, choncho analonjeza kuti munthu amene adzakwanitse kulikwera adzam’patsa mphoto. Phiri la Mont Blanc ndi lalitali mamita 4807. Anthu anayesa koyamba kukwera phirili mu chaka cha 1741. Koma m’mwezi wa August m’chaka cha 1786, m’pamene anthu awiri a m’tawuni ya Chamonix, ku France, anakwanitsa kukwera phiri limeneli. Anthuwa anali Jacques Balmat, yemwe anali katswiri wofufuza za miyala, ndi Michel-Gabriel Paccard, yemwe anali dokotala. M’chaka chotsatira, Saussure anakwera phirili kukafufuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana za sayansi. Mu 1788, iye anafika pamalo ena otchedwa Col du Géant ndipo anagona pamalowa kwa masiku 17. Malipoti amasonyeza kuti anthuwa anali akatswiri oyambirira kuchita masewera okwera mapiri.

Mu 1855, gulu lina lomwe linatsogoleredwa ndi anthu a ku Italy operekeza alendo linakwanitsa kukwera mbali ina ya phiri la Mont Blanc, ndipo ulendowu unali wovuta kwambiri kuposa wa akatswiri oyamba aja. Patapita zaka 9, anthuwa anafika pansonga ya phirili, kudzera mbali ya ku Italy. Akatswiri olimba mtima amenewa anakwanitsa kukwera phirili popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono. Iwo anangogwiritsa ntchito ndodo zokhala ndi nsonga zachitsulo. Katswiri wina wa malo, dzina lake Giotto Dainelli, ananena kuti kalelo “kukwera phiri kunali kovuta kwambiri kuposa masiku ano. Anthu ankadutsa njira zosadziwika ndipo kuti achite zimenezi ankafunika mphamvu ndiponso kupirira, zomwe mwina akatswiri ambiri masiku ano sangakwanitse.” Panopa, ngakhale malo ovuta kwambiri kufika a phirili, anthu afikako kambirimbiri.

Kalelo, anthu ankaona kuti palibe angakwanitse kukwera phiri la Mont Blanc, ngakhale kuti lili mkatikati mwenimweni mwa mayiko a ku Ulaya. Nkhani yoyamba yofotokoza za phiri limeneli inalembedwa m’chaka cha 1088. Mapu omwe anajambulidwa ndi ansembe a chipani cha Benedicto  amene ankakhala ku Chamonix, anatchula phirili kuti rupes alba, kutanthauza “phiri loyera.” Koma kwa zaka zambiri, anthu oyandikira phirili ankalitchula kuti Phiri Lotembereredwa chifukwa ankakhulupirira kuti m’phirili munali mizimu yoipa ndiponso njoka zamapiko. Zikuoneka kuti dzina lakuti Mont Blanc linalembedwa koyamba pachithunzi chinachake chimene chinajambulidwa mu 1744. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti maganizo amene anthu anali nawo akuti m’phiri limeneli munali mizimu anali atayamba kutha.

Mmene Limaonekera Patali

Simungathe kuona phiri lonse la Mont Blanc pokhapokha ngati muli mundege. Phirili linatenga malo okwana makilomita 600 m’litali ndi m’lifupi. Ndipo lili ndi thanthwe lalitali makilomita 50, lomwe limapanga malire a dziko la Italy, France, ndi Switzerland. Phiri limeneli lili ndi malo otalika mosiyanasiyana ndipo ena ndi aatali mamita 4000. Phiri limeneli linapangidwa ndi miyala yolimba kwambiri komanso yonyezimira. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zanthaka amanena kuti phirili si lakale  kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mapiri ena chifukwa akuganiza kuti langotha zaka 350 miliyoni zokha. Kusintha kwa nyengo ndiponso madzi oundana pansi pa nthaka zinachititsa kuti miyala ya m’phirili iswekesweke ndiponso kusongoka, ndipo zimenezi zimakopa kwambiri akatswiri okwera mapiri.

Mmene Limaonekera Pafupi

Ngakhale anthu omwe si akatswiri pokwera mapiri, angathe kuona chigawo chapakati cha phirili ngati atachionera pafupi pogwiritsa ntchito kagalimoto komwe kamakokedwa ndi chingwe. Ntchito yomanga chingwechi inatha m’chaka cha 1958. Malo aatali kwambiri amene kagalimotoka kangafike ali ku Aiguille du Midi ndipo ndi aatali mamita 3842. Munthu akayenda n’kufika pamalo amenewa, amaona bwino chigwa cha Chamonix kuposa mmene angachionere ali pamalo ena aliwonse.

Masiku ano, anthu amatha kuona mbali zonse za phiri la Mont Blanc ndipo makamaka madzulo ndi m’bandakucha malowa amaoneka okongola kwambiri. Dzuwa likaomba, phirili limaoneka lofiira ndipo miyala yake imanyezimira kwambiri.

 [Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Zimene Horace-Bénédict de Saussure Analosera Zinakwaniritsidwa

“Ndikuona zigwa ziwiri zimene anthu ake amalankhula chinenero chimodzi ndiponso ndi ogwirizana. Tsiku lina pansi pa phiri la Mont Blanc padzadutsa msewu umene udzalumikize zigwa ziwirizi.” Zimene Horace-Bénédict de Saussure analosera zinachitikadi patapita zaka 200. Mu 1814, mfumu ya ku Piedmont ndi Sardinia inapemphedwa kuti imange msewu umenewu. Koma ntchitoyi inayamba m’chaka cha 1959 ndipo inatha mu 1965. * Msewu umenewu ndi wautali makilomita 11.6 ndipo unayambira ku Italy n’kukafika ku France.

Pa March 24, 1999, galimoto ina inayaka ikudutsa mu msewu umenewu ndipo zinthu zambiri zinawonongeka. Motowu unachititsa kuti kutenthe kwambiri mpaka kufika madigiri seshasi 1,000. Chifukwa cha kutenthaku, magalimoto ambiri anayaka. Anthu 39 anafa chifukwa cholephera kupuma ndipo ena 30 anavulala. Patatha chaka chimodzi akufufuza chimene chinachititsa ngoziyi, ntchito yokonzanso msewuwu inayambika. Msewuwu anautseguliranso pa June 25, 2002, ngakhale kuti nzika zakumeneku komanso akatswiri a zachilengedwe ankadandaula kuti magalimoto akuluakulu akuwononga mpweya. Pamiyezi inayi yapitayi, mu msewumu munadutsa magalimoto okwana 132,474.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi]

Chithunzi chosema cha H. B. de Saussure, ku Chamonix, France

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Photochrom Collection, LC-DIG-ppmsc-04985

[Bokosi/Chithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

KUYENDA MOZUNGULIRA PHIRI LA MONT BLANC

Anthu ambiri amene amakwera phiri la Mont Blanc amakhala akatswiri pankhani yokwera mapiri aatali kwambiri. Komabe, ngakhale anthu amene sadziwa kwenikweni kukwera mapiri, amasangalala ndi kukongola kwa phirili akayenda molizungulira. Nthawi zambiri zithunzi zokongola kwambiri za phirili zimajambulidwa ndi anthu amene ali pansi pa phirili osati pamwamba pake. Anthu amene amakonda zinthu zachilengedwe komanso amene adakali ndi mphamvu, amayenda pafupifupi makilomita 130 kuti akwanitse kuona mbali zonse za phirili. Amayenda mozungulira, ndipo amadutsa m’mayiko a France, Italy ndi Switzerland. Ulendowu uli ndi zigawo 10 ndipo tsiku lililonse amayenda maola atatu mpaka 7. Panthawiyi amaona zinthu zambiri zochititsa chidwi. Anthu amene alibe nthawi yokwanira yozungulira phirili, amangokayenda m’timapiri tina tating’ono tomwe tinalumikizana ndi phirili.

[Chithunzi]

Malo aatali kwambiri amene kagalimoto kokokedwa ndi chingwe kamafika ku Aiguille du Midi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy Michel Caplain; http://geo.hmg.inpg.fr/mto/jpegs/020726/L/12.jpg

[Mapu patsamba 22]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

FRANCE

SWITZERLAND

ITALY

Phiri la Mont Blanc

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Saussure akukwera phiri la Mont Blanc mu 1787 (chithunzi chochita kujambula pamanja)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© The Bridgeman Art Library International

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Phiri la Mont Blanc