FAN̈ONTANIAN̈A 3
ADN io ma Raha Navinavy Hoazy?
Ino nahavy anao karaha io? Nan̈ino ma masonao ndreky fan̈evanao joby? Nan̈ino koleranao mahitsohitso? Nan̈ino anao fohiky na lava? Ino mahavy anao misy itovizan̈a amy raimandreninao? Mba zahava hely baka rantsantan̈ananao! Nan̈ino ma angofo mahery, kanefa raha ipitahanizio malemilemy?
Taminy andrany Charles Darwin, mbala tsy hay valiny fan̈ontanian̈a aby io. Nahagaga izy nahita zanaka mandova toetry ndreky poziny raimandrenindro. Mbala tsy hainy Darwin fa kaiky raha mandalo an̈aty selily ao mahavy raha zen̈y. Efa ampolony taon̈o izioty, iro siantifiky aby io nandiniky momba ADN. Izio molekily mahavarian̈a an̈aty selily ao. An̈atiny ADN ao misy fan̈azavan̈a ndreky toromariky jiaby momba vatan̈anolo araiky, an̈atinizen̈y toetry, na pozipozy lovain̈a baka amy raimandreny. Fan̈azavan̈a aby io ma raha nisinisy hoazy fo?
Akory volan̈iny siantifiky maro? Iro mino fa nisy raha maromaro zen̈y niboaka hoazy, taloha be tan̈y, ke baka tamy zen̈y nampisy ADN ndreky fan̈azavan̈a an̈atinizio ao. Volan̈indro fa ndray rafitriny molekily io, na fan̈azavan̈a aminany ao, na koa fomba fiasany, samy tsisy ahitan̈a fa izio nisy namoron̈o zen̈y.17
Akory volan̈iny Baiboly? Koran̈iny ao fa Zan̈ahary namoron̈o vatan̈antsika io. Karaha efa nisoratiny an̈aty boky araiky in̈y raha mombamomba izio ndreky fotoan̈a niforon̈any. Karaha ty ho Panjaka Davida tamy Zan̈ahary: “Masonao efa nahita zaho, rango zaho vo niforon̈o; voasoratra tamy bokinao tao faritry jiaby hanjary vatan̈anaka ndreky andra hiforon̈any faritry aby zen̈y, kanefa tamy zen̈y, iro io tsendriky honohono ho nisy foeky.”—Salamo 139:16.
Ino ten̈a izy? Izikoa marin̈y ankitin̈y fa ADN io raha navinavy hoazy fo, tokony misy porofo mazava tsara hindesinolo aby io man̈amarin̈y zen̈y. Fa izikoa ndraiky marin̈y fa ADN io raha nisy namoron̈o, tokony ho hita amizio ao raha zen̈y. Tokony ho hita fa ten̈a mahay sady tia raha milamin̈y ankitin̈y araiky niasa izio.
Izikoa ADN io hazavain̈a tsotsotra fo, mora azo. Ten̈a maharikian̈a izio! Alo baka atsika hizaha raha an̈aty selilinolombelon̈o. Iritrireta baka ty: Anao mandeha mitsidiky musée araiky mampianatra raha mombamomba selily. Anao in̈y karaha efa tafiditry an̈atiny selily ao foeky. Fa izio fo selily nankabiazin̈y in-13 000 000. Zen̈y efa miran̈a habezan̈any stady tandry olo kadiriny 70 000.
Feno raha tsy fohita an̈aty selily io ao. Gaga mare anao mahita zen̈y. An̈ivonizio iô misy noyau. Boribory izio, 65 metara habosany. Loso anao man̈aton̈o izy.
“Ten̈a Miavaka” Fomba Nandaminan̈a ADN: Izio milamin̈y tsara an̈aty noyau ny selily ao, karaha taretry matify 40 kilometara natao milamin̈y tsara an̈aty laboliny tenisy
Anao nandeha nitsofotro an̈aty noyau io. Rikian̈a anao mizaha man̈odidin̈y anao. Krômôzômy raha ten̈a maro an̈aty ao, 46 iro jiaby. Iro io mandeha tsiaroeroe. Lan̈iany mitovitovy pozy ndreky halavasan̈a miaraka. Halavasany araiky marikitry anao io mira habezany tran̈obe misy 12 etazy in̈y (1). Mira sôsisy in̈y fahitan̈a krômôzômy aby io, fotony an̈ivondro somary tery, kanefa iro maventy karaha vatany kakazo in̈y. Misy bandy miolonkolon̈o aminany iô. Izikoa fa nidinihinao tsara bandy io, hitanao fa misy tsipiky mitsangana aminany io, baka io amy tsipiky mitsangana aby io misy tsipiky mitsivalan̈a (2). Izio tsy boky, fa fahitan̈a izy mira boky maromaro mifanengitenginy milamin̈y tsarabe in̈y. Izio raha mitovy amy tady miolonkolon̈o miserisery tsara kanefa milamin̈y. Nantsoritinao araiky amindro io. Gaga anao fa kaiky aminany in̈y mbala misy raha miolonkolon̈o hely, sady milamin̈y tsarabe (3). Misy raha karaha tady zay amizio. Mba ino eky izio?
MOLEKILY ARAIKY MAHAVARIAN̈A
Anao ziô mbala an̈aty tran̈obe io ao fo. Hitanao io tady in̈y. Kadiriny 2,6 santimetara iô hativen̈any. Izio miolonkolon̈o maletry tsarabe amy raha karaha bôbiny zay (4). Efa misy raha koa mampikamban̈a bôbiny aby io. Marikitry iô, misy fitaovan̈a elektroniky man̈azava fa ten̈a milamin̈y tsara tady io. Izio izikoa injan̈inao, mitovy aminy antsasakany boriboriny tany halavasan̈anany. *
Misy boky araiky momba siansy zay mivolan̈a fa “miavaka mare” tady io fotony milamin̈y tsara.18 Fahitanao izy, navinavy hoazy fo ma raha zen̈y? Ty misy ohatra: Anao miditry an̈aty labotiky maventy ahitan̈a entan̈a antapitrisany. Milamin̈y tsara entan̈a aby io, ke tsy sarotro aminao mahita araiky tadiavinao. Ikenao fa nisy olo nandamin̈y izio. Kanefa tady io mbala milamindamin̈y tozay labotiky io.
An̈aty musée io ao misy plaky araiky man̈iraka anao mangala tady io, misy ahitanao izy tsarabe (5). Nizahavanao tsara izio. Tsy karaha tady jiaby izio, fotony mira leskalie naholonkolon̈o (6). Mitovy elan̈elan̈a aby iro. Kaiky ADN tananao io! Amy donia ty, izio an̈isany raha ten̈a sarotro takatrany jery.
An̈atiny krômôzômy ao misy ADN. Izio miolonkolon̈o amy raha karaha bôbiny. Amy bôbiny io efa misy raha mampikamban̈a izio. Ino fo asandro leskalie aminy AND io (7)?
HELY KANEFA MAVOAKAJY FAN̈AZAVAN̈A MARO
Anao izikoa tihahay raha momba ADN io, mila hainao tsara leskalie aby io. Iro io raha simiky efatra kahian̈a A, T, G, ndreky C (adénine, thymine, guanine, ndreky cytosine). Iro io mandeha tsiaroeroe: A ndreky T, baka io G ndreky C. Leskalie io afaka mizara aroe man̈araka alavasan̈anany. Izio koa fa mizara, T manjary misaraka aminy A, baka io G misaraka amy C. Gaga siantifiky aby io mahita fa baka amy raha simiky aby io hizarany ADN io toromariky aminany ao.
Taloha tan̈y, olo koa fa nanoratra telegramo, tsipiky ndreky teboko fo raha nampiasaindro. Iro io hivolan̈ana volan̈a araiky ndreky fehezanteny. Karaha zen̈y koa ADN io. Baka aminy A, T, G ndreky C io fo hizarany toromariky. Izikoa iro fa samy miaraka amy namandro manjary man̈amia “volan̈a”, na tapany toromariky momba raha tokony hiforon̈o amy vatan̈anao ao. “Volan̈a” aby io izikoa fa mitambatambatra, izy man̈amia fototarazo io, na toromariky feno. An̈aty fototarazo tsiaraikiaraiky misy fitambarany A, T, G, ndreky C kadiriny 27 000 iô. Fitambarany fototarazo io man̈amia krômôzômy araiky. Baka io krômôzômy 23 man̈amia zenômy (génome) araiky. An̈aty zenômy ao misy toromariky momba vatan̈anao jiaby. *
Toromariky an̈aty zenômy io izikoa adika an̈aty boky, izio ahavitan̈a boky maro. An̈aty zenôminy olombelon̈o ahitan̈a “litera” na raha simiky kadiriny 6 000 tapitrisa iô (3 000 000 000 × 2 fotony iro io miaraka tsiaroeroe).19 Mila boky 428 avio mandilatrany 1 000 pazy isaka boky io, vo tandry toromariky an̈aty zenômy araiky. Dikanizen̈y toromariky an̈aty zenômy aroe mahafeno boky 856. Izikoa anao irahan̈a manoratra toromariky aby zen̈y, afaka 80 taon̈o iô izio vo vitanao, nata isanandra anao manoratra sady tsy mangala kajo foeky.
Azo antoko ndraiky fa tsy ilainy vatan̈anao aby raha jiaby nadikanao in̈y. Fotony karakory ma ataonao hampiditry boky anjatony an̈aty selilinao tsiaraikiaraiky ao, kanefa selily aby io raha madiniky hely sady misy 100 tapitrisa tapitrisa? Tsy posibla ho vita zen̈y!
Hitantsika tio fa an̈atiny ADN ao misy fototarazo io, na toromariky nahavitan̈a vatan̈anao jiaby. An̈aty selily tsiaraikiaraiky ao misy toromariky feno. Karaha ty ho manampahizan̈a araiky: “Raha kadiriny araiky santimetara cube iô fo efa tandry ADN grama araiky efa maiky. Kanefa mila CD mandeha araiky tapitrisa tapitrisa vo tandry toromariky an̈atiny ADN aby io.”20 Maro ankitin̈y fan̈azavan̈a an̈aty ADN io ao. Sotro araiky amy fan̈azavan̈a aby io fo efa ahavitan̈a olo maro, na in-350 ny olo amy donia ty. Kanefa tapany hely fo amy zen̈y izy nilain̈y nan̈amboaran̈a olo mandeha fito arivo tapitrisa ambony tany ty.21
TSISY NAMORON̈O MA IZIO?
Mila CD mandeha araiky tapitrisa tapitrisa vo tandry fan̈azavan̈a an̈atiny ADN gramo araiky
Manampahizan̈a amy zioty efa mahavita mamoron̈o fitaovan̈a elektroniky hely afaka mikajy fan̈azavan̈a maro. Kanefa iro io tsisy dikany foeky ankilany ADN. Fa ADN io mety ampitovisin̈y amy CD, raha boribory tsara, mangilatra, ndreky mora ampiasain̈a. Hita be fa nisy manampahizan̈a ankitin̈y niasa izio. An̈aty CD io misy fan̈azavan̈a ten̈a ilain̈y. Izio toromariky mazava tsara ndreky aminy antsipiriany momba fomba hamoron̈ana ndreky hikobabian̈a lamasiny araiky. Ndray feno toromariky an̈aty CD io ao, tsy miova havisarany ndreky habezan̈anany. Ke anao izikoa fa mahita toromariky io, ino raha avy an̈aty dinikinao: Izio navinavy hoazy sa nisy namoron̈o?
ADN io ten̈a mety ampitovisin̈y amy boky na CD. Hitantsika tio fa an̈aty zenômy ao misy ADN io. Misy panoratra araiky zay mivolan̈a fa zenômy io mira boky ankitin̈y fotony feno fan̈azavan̈a. “Kanefa izio miavaka fotony afaka man̈ano fotokopỳ ten̈anany ndreky afaka mizara fan̈azavan̈a aminany ao, izikoa fa ilain̈y.”22 Atsika zio hikoran̈a momba zen̈y.
LAMASINY TSY VOLY MIASA
Mbala an̈aty tran̈o be in̈y fo anao. Loso diniky anao, ‘mba mihetsiky edy raha an̈aty noyau ny selily aby io?’ Misy vitriny araiky hitanao marikitry iô. An̈atinizio ao misy ADN nankabiazin̈y. An̈abony vitriny io misy soratra ty: “Potsera Eto.” Misy bouton iô. Izikoa fa nipotserinao izio, nisy raha nivolan̈a karaha ty: “Misy raha aroe farany hely, mandalo aminy ADN. Voanalohany, izy tsy maintsy man̈amboatra ADN mitovy aminany, amy zen̈y selily vaovao jiaby misy ADN koa. Zahava baka fomba an̈anaovany zen̈y.”
Misy lamasiny araiky ten̈a maro garamidany hitanao miboaka baka amy sisiny boaty in̈y. Izio karaha robots maromaro mifampitohitohy. Loso izy man̈anton̈o ADN, sady manonga an̈abonany iô, karaha ataony train man̈araka lalan̈anany in̈y. Izio mandeha malaky, ke tsy ten̈a hitanao tsara raha ataony. Fa ny hitanao, nanjary aroe ADN tiô in̈y, fa efa tsy araiky eky.
Ty tohiny fan̈azavan̈a in̈y: “Karaha in̈y raha mandalo izikoa fa misy ADN vaovao miforon̈o. Fa in̈y zisty fampisehoan̈a tsotsotra fo. Robots aby in̈y, raha ny marin̈y, anzimy maromaro. Iro io mandeha an̈abony ADN in̈y iô, baka io izio zaraindro aroe man̈araka halavasany. Baka io iro ilany aroe nisaraka in̈y samy an̈amboarany vady. Fa nisy raha tsy hitantsika. ohatra, tsy hitantsika fa nisy anzimy madiniky nan̈asaraka malaky be ADN in̈y. Baka io ilany aroe taminy ADN in̈y samy niditry tan̈aty anzimy hafa. Tsy sarotro aminany man̈ano zen̈y fotony izy efa nizara aroe. Kanefa nisy raha koa nifandiso ke nila nahitsy matetiky. Fa nata misy diso, tsy maintsy hita fo ndreky voahitsy tsara fo.”—Zahava sary amy pazy 16 ndreky 17.
Karaha ty tohiny: “Hitantsika tio fa ten̈a mandeha malaky ankitin̈y anzimy aby io. Isaka segondy, iro io mahavita mamakivaky leskalie 100 iô, zen̈y efa mitovy amy train araiky mandeha mandilatrany 80 kilometara isaka lera.23 Fa mbala ampitombosin̈y impolonizen̈y halakisany anzimy mandeha an̈aty baktery ao. An̈aty selilinolombelon̈o ao misy anzimy maro miaraka miasa. Misy toeran̈a hafa an̈atiny ADN ao iasandro io. An̈atiny valo lera fo iro efa mahavita man̈ano kopỳ zenômy jiaby.”24 (Zahava efajoro “ Afaka Mizara Fan̈azavan̈a Sady Mety Atao Kopỳ”, amy pazy 20.)
“MAMAKY” ADN
Anao mbala mizaha vitriny io fo, hitanao lamasiny in̈y miala moramora baka io misy araiky hafa koa miboaka. Fa araiky io karaha mandeha moramora. ADN miditry an̈atinizio ao baka io miboaka, kanefa tsisy raha niova taminany. Fa hitanao in̈y misy raha araiky lavalava karaha ilany ADN, miboaka baka amy lavaka hafa tamy lamasiny io. Ino ma raha nandalo?
Mbala mitohy fo fan̈azavan̈a io: “Hitantsika eto raha faharoe mandalo aminy ADN. Tsy ino zen̈y fa fomba izarany fan̈azavan̈a aby aminany ao. ADN tsy miboaka an̈aty noyau ny selily io ao foeky. Kanefa toromariky aminany ao, na fototarazo, avy firaka amy ribôzômy an̈y, ke ampiasain̈y han̈amboaran̈a proteiny jiaby ilainy vatan̈antsika. Akory eky fomba haviany toromariky aby io amy ribôzômy an̈y? Hainy anzimy ino fototarazo ilain̈y, fotony efa misy raha simiky man̈ambara zen̈y aminany. Ke izy mandeha amy fototarazo io an̈y, baka io mampiasa molekily kahian̈a ARN izy han̈ano kopỳ izio. ARN io mitovitovy aminy ilany araiky aminy ADN. Izikoa fa vita kopỳ io, izy miala amy noyau ny selily io ao, baka io mitondra raha zen̈y amy ribôzômy an̈y. Baka amy toromariky in̈y han̈amboaran̈a proteiny.”
Rikian̈a mare anao nizaha raha aby tan̈aty tran̈obe io tao. Gaga mare anao fa ten̈a mahay ankitin̈y olo niasa lamasiny aby io. Kanefa lamasiny sasany fo hitanao nihetsiky. Mba karakory eky izikoa iro jiaby foeky nihetsiky, ke niaraka hitanao tio raha jiaby, mandeha analin̈y, mandalo an̈aty selilinolombelon̈o ao? Mahavarian̈a!
Kanefa efa zen̈y edy raha mandalo an̈atiny selily mandeha 100 tapitrisa tapitrisa an̈aty vatan̈anao ao. ADN io mizara toromariky ambelany selily an̈y. Toromariky io han̈amboaran̈a proteiny mandeha an̈etsiny aby ilainy vatan̈anao ao. Baka amy proteiny an̈amboaran̈a anzimy, tambatsela, taova, ndreky raha hafa. Misy koa anzimy man̈ano kopỳ ADN an̈aty vatan̈anao ao. Izio koa man̈itsy diso aminany ao, amy zen̈y fan̈azavan̈a mitovy fo mifindra amy selily vaovao.
NAN̈INO MA ILAIN̈Y MAHAY ZEN̈Y?
Iritrireta ty: ‘Karakory naviany toromariky aby in̈y?’ Baiboly mivolan̈a fa karaha efa voasoratra an̈aty boky araiky toromariky momba toetoetriny vatan̈anolo tsiaraikiaraiky. Izio koa mivolan̈a fa angovo an̈abo nohony ninolombelon̈o nanoratra raha zen̈y. Ke raha volan̈iny Baiboly zen̈y ma mifanohitry amy siansy, sa efa lany andra?
Iritrireta baka! Olombelon̈o ma mahavita raha jiaby tan̈aty tran̈obe in̈y? Ehe. Mbala maro raha tsy hainy siantifiky momba zenômy ndreky fomba fiasanizio. Mbala tsy haindro koa aiaia an̈atiny ADN ao misy fototarazo io. Tsy haindro koa asandro io. Kanefa fototarazo io mbala tapany hely fo aminy ADN. Fa karakory ndraiky tapany araiky tsisy fototarazo? Nisy siantifiky taloha tan̈y, nivolan̈a fa tsy ilain̈y tapany in̈y. Kanefa amy zioty iro efa niova hevitry. Izio zen̈y ho iro, mety man̈ampy fototarazo io. Ohatra, izikoa vitany siantifiky aby io man̈amboatra lamasiny mitovy aminy ADN ndreky anzimy aby miaraka miasa aminany, ho vitandro edy hampandeha iro io karaha ten̈a izy in̈y? Tsy vitandro.
Karaha ty nisoratiny Richard Feynman, siantifiky malaza: “Matoa tsy haiko mangala tahaka raha araiky, dikanizen̈y izio tsy haiko.”25 Nanetry ten̈a ankitin̈y izy. Mbala maro raha tsy hainy siantifiky momba ADN, sady tsy ten̈a haindro mangala tahaka izio. Kanefa mbala misy fo masaky mivolan̈a fa izio navinavy hoazy. Izikoa fan̈azavan̈a jiaby hitantsika tio zahavan̈a, marin̈y ma zen̈y?
Siantifiky sasany man̈eky fa ADN io nisy namoron̈o. Francis Crick, ohatra, nivolan̈a fa milamin̈y ankitin̈y ADN io ke sarotro mivolan̈a fa izio navinavy hoazy. Izy an̈isany olo voanalohany nahita fa ADN io karaha leskalie miolakolaka. Tsy maintsy angovo mahery nohony olombelon̈o fo zen̈y, ho izy, nandefa ADN io tambony tany tatỳ, ke nanjary nisy raha manampahin̈ana teto.26
Efa tan̈atiny 50 taon̈o, Antony Flew, filozofy, tsy nino fisiany Zan̈ahary. Fa tafara tatỳ izy niova hevitry. Taminizy 81 taon̈o, izy nan̈eky fa tsy maintsy misy fo pamoron̈o araiky ten̈a mahay zen̈y. Ino ma nahavy izy niova hevitry? Izy nandiniky ADN. Baka io nan̈ontanian̈a izy karakory izikoa tsy tiany siantifiky hafa hevitrinany. Ho izy: ‘Mampalahelo ndraiky zen̈y fa aminaka izikoa porofo araiky efa marin̈y, tokony hiken̈a fo.’27
Akory hevitrinao? Iritrireta baka anao, ohatra, miditry an̈aty orinasa araiky, baka io mahita ordinatera. Amizio ao misy programo mampandeha asa jiaby an̈atiny orinasa io. Baka io programo io koa mandefa toromariky fo amy zen̈y mahavita man̈amboatra lamasiny ndreky mikobaby izio. Afaka mamoron̈o programo mitovy aminany, ndreky afaka man̈itsy raha diso an̈atiny ao. Akory hevitrinao mahita raha zen̈y? Anao ma hieritreritry fa navinavy hoazy tio fo ordinatera ndreky programo io? Tsy maintsy nisy olo ten̈a mahay ndreky tia raha milamin̈y fo nan̈ano iro io, tsy zen̈y?
^ Ty ohatra nampiasainy boky araiky momba selily: Karaha man̈ohatra mampiditry taretry matify hely 40 kilometara an̈aty laboliny tenisy araiky anao, izikoa mampiditry tady lava be io an̈aty noyau niny selily araiky. Kanefa izio tsy maintsy ataonao milamin̈y tsarabe, amy zen̈y tsy mikorontan̈a foeky, nata fa an̈ivon̈ivonany ao izy antsoritinao.
^ An̈aty selily tsiaraikiaraiky misy zenômy aroe, fotony 46 krômôzômy an̈atiny ao.
